'Responsive font size in CSS
I've created a site using the Zurb Foundation 3 grid. Each page has a large h1:
body {
font-size: 100%
}
/* Headers */
h1 {
font-size: 6.2em;
font-weight: 500;
}<div class="row">
<div class="twelve columns text-center">
<h1> LARGE HEADER TAGLINE </h1>
</div>
<!-- End Tagline -->
</div>
<!-- End Row -->When I resize the browser to mobile size the large font doesn't adjust and causes the browser to include a horizontal scroll to accommodate for the large text.
I've noticed that on the Zurb Foundation 3 Typography example page, the headers adapt to the browser as it is compressed and expanded.
Am I missing something really obvious? How do I achieve this?
Solution 1:[1]
The font-size won't respond like this when resizing the browser window. Instead they respond to the browser zoom/type size settings, such as if you press Ctrl and + together on the keyboard while in the browser.
Media Queries
You would have to look at using media queries to reduce the font-size at certain intervals where it starts breaking your design and creating scrollbars.
For example, try adding this inside your CSS at the bottom, changing the 320 pixels width for wherever your design starts breaking:
@media only screen and (max-width: 320px) {
body {
font-size: 2em;
}
}
Viewport percentage lengths
You can also use viewport percentage lengths such as vw, vh, vmin and vmax. The official W3C document for this states:
The viewport-percentage lengths are relative to the size of the initial containing block. When the height or width of the initial containing block is changed, they are scaled accordingly.
Again, from the same W3C document each individual unit can be defined as below:
vw unit - Equal to 1% of the width of the initial containing block.
vh unit - Equal to 1% of the height of the initial containing block.
vmin unit - Equal to the smaller of vw or vh.
vmax unit - Equal to the larger of vw or vh.
And they are used in exactly the same way as any other CSS value:
.text {
font-size: 3vw;
}
.other-text {
font-size: 5vh;
}
Compatibility is relatively good as can be seen here. However, some versions of Internet Explorer and Edge don’t support vmax. Also, iOS 6 and 7 have an issue with the vh unit, which was fixed in iOS 8.
Solution 2:[2]
You can use the viewport value instead of ems, pxs, or pts:
1vw = 1% of viewport width
1vh = 1% of viewport height
1vmin = 1vw or 1vh, whichever is smaller
1vmax = 1vw or 1vh, whichever is larger
h1 {
font-size: 5.9vw;
}
h2 {
font-size: 3.0vh;
}
p {
font-size: 2vmin;
}
From CSS-Tricks: Viewport Sized Typography
Solution 3:[3]
I've been playing around with ways to overcome this issue, and believe I have found a solution:
If you can write your application for Internet Explorer 9 (and later) and all other modern browsers that support CSS calc(), rem units, and vmin units. You can use this to achieve scalable text without media queries:
body {
font-size: calc(0.75em + 1vmin);
}
Here it is in action: http://codepen.io/csuwldcat/pen/qOqVNO
Solution 4:[4]
h1{
font-size : clamp(2rem, 10vw, 5rem);
}
here clamp has 3 arguments.
first one is the minimum allowed font-size.
third one is the maximum allowed font-size.
second argument is font-size that you wish to always have. Its unit must be relative(vw, vh, ch) and not absolute(i.e not px, mm, pt). relative unit will make it change its size w.r.t the changing screen sizes.
Consider an example : consider there is a large fontawesome icon that you want to resize dynamically (responsive icon)
fa-random-icon{
font-size: clamp( 15rem, 80vw, 80vh)
}
- Here 80vw is the preferred font-size.
- 15 rem is the minimum font size .
- 80vh is the max font size.
i.e.
if in a particular mobile screen size if 80vw < 15rem then font-size is 15rem.
if screen is too wide then if 80vw > 80vh then font-size is 80vh.
Those methods above suggested by people always have a bit uncertain result... like when we use
vwonly, the font size might sometimes be too big or too small (unbounded).
mediaqueries can be used but you have to bound the font size with minimum 3 media-queries
Solution 5:[5]
Use CSS media specifiers (that's what they [zurb] use) for responsive styling:
@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) {
h1 {
font-size: 3em;
}
h2 {
font-size: 2em;
}
}
Solution 6:[6]
If you don't mind to use a jQuery solution you can try TextFill plugin
jQuery TextFill resizes text to fit into a container and makes font size as big as possible.
Solution 7:[7]
There are several ways to achieve this.
Use a media query, but it requires font sizes for several breakpoints:
body
{
font-size: 22px;
}
h1
{
font-size: 44px;
}
@media (min-width: 768)
{
body
{
font-size: 17px;
}
h1
{
font-size: 24px;
}
}
Use dimensions in % or em. Just change the base font size, and everything will change. Unlike the previous one, you could just change the body font and not h1 every time or let the base font size be the default of the device and the rest all in em:
- “Ems” (em): The “em” is a scalable unit. An em is equal to the current font-size, for instance, if the font-size of the document is 12 pt, 1 em is equal to 12 pt. Ems are scalable in nature, so 2 em would equal 24 pt, .5 em would equal 6 pt, etc..
- Percent (%): The percent unit is much like the “em” unit, save for a few fundamental differences. First and foremost, the current font-size is equal to 100% (i.e. 12 pt = 100%). While using the percent unit, your text remains fully scalable for mobile devices and for accessibility.
CSS 3 supports new dimensions that are relative to the view port. But this doesn't work on Android:
- 3.2vw = 3.2% of width of viewport
- 3.2vh = 3.2% of height of viewport
- 3.2vmin = Smaller of 3.2vw or 3.2vh
3.2vmax = Bigger of 3.2vw or 3.2vh
body { font-size: 3.2vw; }
See CSS-Tricks ... and also look at Can I Use...
Solution 8:[8]
There's another approach to responsive font sizes - using rem units.
html {
/* Base font size */
font-size: 16px;
}
h1 {
font-size: 1.5rem;
}
h2 {
font-size: 1.2rem;
}
Later in media queries, you can adjust all fonts sizes by changing the base font size:
@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {
html {
/* Reducing base font size will reduce all rem sizes */
font-size: 13px;
}
/* You can reduce font sizes manually as well */
h1 {
font-size: 1.2rem;
}
h2 {
font-size: 1.0rem;
}
}
To make this work in Internet Explorer 7 and Internet Explorer 8 you will have to add a fallback with px units:
h1 {
font-size: 18px;
font-size: 1.125rem;
}
If you're developing with Less, you can create a mixin that will do the math for you.
Rem units support - http://caniuse.com/#feat=rem
Solution 9:[9]
The "vw" solution has a problem when going to very small screens. You can set the base size and go up from there with calc():
font-size: calc(16px + 0.4vw);
Solution 10:[10]
This is partly implemented in foundation 5.
In file _type.scss they have two sets of header variables:
// We use these to control header font sizes
// for medium screens and above
$h1-font-size: rem-calc(44) !default;
$h2-font-size: rem-calc(37) !default;
$h3-font-size: rem-calc(27) !default;
$h4-font-size: rem-calc(23) !default;
$h5-font-size: rem-calc(18) !default;
$h6-font-size: 1rem !default;
// We use these to control header size reduction on small screens
$h1-font-reduction: rem-calc(10) !default;
$h2-font-reduction: rem-calc(10) !default;
$h3-font-reduction: rem-calc(5) !default;
$h4-font-reduction: rem-calc(5) !default;
$h5-font-reduction: 0 !default;
$h6-font-reduction: 0 !default;
For medium up, they generate sizes based on the first set of variables:
@media #{$medium-up} {
h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { line-height: $header-line-height; }
h1 { font-size: $h1-font-size; }
h2 { font-size: $h2-font-size; }
h3 { font-size: $h3-font-size; }
h4 { font-size: $h4-font-size; }
h5 { font-size: $h5-font-size; }
h6 { font-size: $h6-font-size; }
}
And for default-i.e small screens, they use a second set of variables to generates CSS:
h1 { font-size: $h1-font-size - $h1-font-reduction; }
h2 { font-size: $h2-font-size - $h2-font-reduction; }
h3 { font-size: $h3-font-size - $h3-font-reduction; }
h4 { font-size: $h4-font-size - $h4-font-reduction; }
h5 { font-size: $h5-font-size - $h5-font-reduction; }
h6 { font-size: $h6-font-size - $h6-font-reduction; }
You can use these variables and override in your custom scss file to set font sizes for respective screen sizes.
Solution 11:[11]
I saw a great article from CSS-Tricks. It works just fine:
body {
font-size: calc([minimum size] + ([maximum size] - [minimum size]) * ((100vw -
[minimum viewport width]) / ([maximum viewport width] - [minimum viewport width])));
}
For example:
body {
font-size: calc(14px + (26 - 14) * ((100vw - 300px) / (1600 - 300)));
}
We can apply the same equation to the line-height property to make it change with the browser as well.
body {
font-size: calc(14px + (26 - 14) * ((100vw - 300px) / (1600 - 300)));
line-height: calc(1.3em + (1.5 - 1.2) * ((100vw - 300px)/(1600 - 300)));
}
Solution 12:[12]
A responsive font size can also be done with this JavaScript code called FlowType:
FlowType - Responsive web typography at its finest: font-size based on element width.
Or this JavaScript code called FitText:
FitText - Makes font-sizes flexible. Use this plugin on your responsive design for ratio-based resizing of your headlines.
Solution 13:[13]
If you are using a build tool then try Rucksack.
Otherwise, you can use CSS variables (custom properties) to easily control the minimum and maximum font sizes like so (demo):
* {
/* Calculation */
--diff: calc(var(--max-size) - var(--min-size));
--responsive: calc((var(--min-size) * 1px) + var(--diff) * ((100vw - 420px) / (1200 - 420))); /* Ranges from 421px to 1199px */
}
h1 {
--max-size: 50;
--min-size: 25;
font-size: var(--responsive);
}
h2 {
--max-size: 40;
--min-size: 20;
font-size: var(--responsive);
}
Solution 14:[14]
I had just come up with an idea with which you only have to define the font size once per element, but it is still influenced by media queries.
First, I set the variable "--text-scale-unit" to "1vh" or "1vw", depending on the viewport using the media queries.
Then I use the variable using calc() and my multiplicator number for font-size:
/* Define a variable based on the orientation. */
/* The value can be customized to fit your needs. */
@media (orientation: landscape) {
:root{
--text-scale-unit: 1vh;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) {
:root {
--text-scale-unit: 1vw;
}
}
/* Use a variable with calc and multiplication. */
.large {
font-size: calc(var(--text-scale-unit) * 20);
}
.middle {
font-size: calc(var(--text-scale-unit) * 10);
}
.small {
font-size: calc(var(--text-scale-unit) * 5);
}
.extra-small {
font-size: calc(var(--text-scale-unit) * 2);
}<span class="middle">
Responsive
</span>
<span class="large">
text
</span>
<span class="small">
with one
</span>
<span class="extra-small">
font-size tag.
</span>In my example I only used the orientation of the viewport, but the principle should be possible with any media queries.
Solution 15:[15]
There are the following ways by which you can achieve this:
- Use rem for e.g. 2.3 rem
- Use em for e.g. 2.3em
- Use % for e.g. 2.3% Moreover, you can use : vh, vw, vmax and vmin.
These units will autoresize depending upon the width and height of the screen.
Solution 16:[16]
jQuery's "FitText" is probably the best responsive header solution. Check it out at GitHub: https://github.com/davatron5000/FitText.js
Solution 17:[17]
In actual original Sass (not scss) you could use the below mixins to automatically set the paragraph's and all headings' font-size.
I like it because it is much more compact. And quicker to type. Other than that, it provides the same functionality. Anyway, if you still want to stick to the new syntax - scss, then feel free to convert my Sass content to scss here: [CONVERT SASS TO SCSS HERE]
Below I give you four Sass mixins. You will have to tweak their settings to your needs.
=font-h1p-style-generator-manual() // You don’t need to use this one. Those are only styles to make it pretty.
=media-query-base-font-size-change-generator-manual() // This mixin sets the base body size that will be used by the h1-h6 tags to recalculate their size in a media query.
=h1p-font-size-generator-auto($h1-fs: 3em, $h1-step-down: 0.3, $body-min-font-size: 1.2em, $p-same-as-hx: 6) // Here you will set the size of h1 and size jumps between h tags
=config-and-run-font-generator() // This one only calls the other ones
After you finish playing with settings just make a call on one mixin - which is: +config-and-run-font-generator(). See code below and comments for more information.
I guess you could do it automatically for a media query like it is done for header tags, but we all use different media queries, so it would not be appropriate for everyone. I use a mobile-first design approach, so this is how I would do that. Feel free to copy and use this code.
COPY AND PASTE THESE MIXINS TO YOUR FILE:
=font-h1p-style-generator-manual()
body
font-family: "Source Sans Pro", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif // google fonts
font-size: 100%
line-height: 1.3em
%headers
line-height: 1em
font-weight: 700
p
line-height: 1.3em
font-weight: 300
@for $i from 1 through 6
h#{$i}
@extend %headers
=media-query-base-font-size-change-generator-manual()
body
font-size: 1.2em
@media screen and (min-width: 680px)
body
font-size: 1.4em
@media screen and (min-width: 1224px)
body
font-size: 1.6em
@media screen and (min-width: 1400px)
body
font-size: 1.8em
=h1p-font-size-generator-auto($h1-fs: 3em, $h1-step-down: 0.3, $body-min-font-size: 1.2em, $p-same-as-hx: 6)
$h1-fs: $h1-fs // Set first header element to this size
$h1-step-down: $h1-step-down // Decrement each time by 0.3
$p-same-as-hx: $p-same-as-hx // Set p font-sieze same as h(6)
$h1-fs: $h1-fs + $h1-step-down // Looping correction
@for $i from 1 through 6
h#{$i}
font-size: $h1-fs - ($h1-step-down * $i)
@if $i == $p-same-as-hx
p
font-size: $h1-fs - ($h1-step-down * $i)
// RUN ONLY THIS MIXIN. IT WILL TRIGGER THE REST
=config-and-run-font-generator()
+font-h1p-style-generator-manual() // Just a place holder for our font style
+media-query-base-font-size-change-generator-manual() // Just a placeholder for our media query font size
+h1p-font-size-generator-auto($h1-fs: 2em, $h1-step-down: 0.2, $p-same-as-hx: 5) // Set all parameters here
CONFIGURE ALL MIXINS TO YOUR NEEDS - PLAY WITH IT! :) AND THEN CALL IT ON THE TOP OF YOUR ACTUAL SASS CODE WITH:
+config-and-run-font-generator()
This would generate this output. You can customize parameters to generate different sets of results. However, because we all use different media queries, some mixins you will have to edit manually (style and media).
GENERATED CSS:
body {
font-family: "Source Sans Pro", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
font-size: 100%;
line-height: 1.3em;
word-wrap: break-word; }
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
line-height: 1em;
font-weight: 700; }
p {
line-height: 1.3em;
font-weight: 300; }
body {
font-size: 1.2em; }
@media screen and (min-width: 680px) {
body {
font-size: 1.4em; } }
@media screen and (min-width: 1224px) {
body {
font-size: 1.6em; } }
@media screen and (min-width: 1400px) {
body {
font-size: 1.8em; } }
h1 {
font-size: 2em; }
h2 {
font-size: 1.8em; }
h3 {
font-size: 1.6em; }
h4 {
font-size: 1.4em; }
h5 {
font-size: 1.2em; }
p {
font-size: 1.2em; }
h6 {
font-size: 1em;
}
Solution 18:[18]
I use these CSS classes, and they make my text fluid on any screen size:
.h1-fluid {
font-size: calc(1rem + 3vw);
line-height: calc(1.4rem + 4.8vw);
}
.h2-fluid {
font-size: calc(1rem + 2vw);
line-height: calc(1.4rem + 2.4vw);
}
.h3-fluid {
font-size: calc(1rem + 1vw);
line-height: calc(1.4rem + 1.2vw);
}
.p-fluid {
font-size: calc(1rem + 0.5vw);
line-height: calc(1.4rem + 0.6vw);
}
Solution 19:[19]
We can use calc() from css
p{
font-size: calc(48px + (56 - 48) * ((100vw - 300px) / (1600 - 300))) !important;
}
The mathematical formula is calc(minsize + (maxsize - minsize) * (100vm - minviewportwidth) / (maxwidthviewoport - minviewportwidth)))
Solution 20:[20]
Try including this on your style sheet:
html {
font-size: min(max(16px, 4vw), 22px);
}
More info at https://css-tricks.com/simplified-fluid-typography/
Solution 21:[21]
As with many frameworks, once you "go off the grid" and override the framework's default CSS, things will start to break left and right. Frameworks are inherently rigid. If you were to use Zurb's default H1 style along with their default grid classes, then the web page should display properly on mobile (i.e., responsive).
However, it appears you want very large 6.2em headings, which means the text will have to shrink in order to fit inside a mobile display in portrait mode. Your best bet is to use a responsive text jQuery plugin such as FlowType and FitText. If you want something light-weight, then you can check out my Scalable Text jQuery plugin:
http://thdoan.github.io/scalable-text/
Sample usage:
<script>
$(document).ready(function() {
$('.row .twelve h1').scaleText();
}
</script>
Solution 22:[22]
h1 { font-size: 2.25em; }
h2 { font-size: 1.875em; }
h3 { font-size: 1.5em; }
h4 { font-size: 1.125em; }
h5 { font-size: 0.875em; }
h6 { font-size: 0.75em; }
Solution 23:[23]
You can make the font size responsive if defining it in vw (viewport width). However, not all browsers support it. The solution is to use JavaScript to change the base font size depending on the browser width and set all font sizes in %.
Here is an article describing how to make responsive fontsizes: http://wpsalt.com/responsive-font-size-in-wordpress-theme/
Solution 24:[24]
I have found this solution, and it works very well for me:
/* Fluid font size:
minimum font size at min. device width 300px = 14
maximum font size at max. device width 1600px = 26
*/
body {
font-size: calc(14px + (26 - 14) * ((100vw - 300px) / (1600 - 300)));
}
Solution 25:[25]
One way to solve the problem of the text to look good on both desktop and mobile/tablet is in fixing the text size to physical units like physical centimeters or inches, which don't depend on the screen PPI (points per inch).
Based on this answer, below is the code I use at the end of the HTML document for a responsive font size:
<div id='testdiv' style='height: 1in; left: -100%; position: absolute; top: -100%; width: 1in;'></div>
<script type='text/javascript'>
var devicePixelRatio = window.devicePixelRatio || 1;
dpi_x = document.getElementById('testdiv').offsetWidth * devicePixelRatio;
dpi_y = document.getElementById('testdiv').offsetHeight * devicePixelRatio;
function setFontSizeForClass(className, fontSize) {
var elms = document.getElementsByClassName(className);
for(var i=0; i<elms.length; i++) {
elms[i].style.fontSize = String(fontSize * dpi_y / 96) + "px";
}
}
setFontSizeForClass('h1-font-size', 30);
setFontSizeForClass('action-font-size', 20);
setFontSizeForClass('guideline-font-size', 25);
// etc for your different classes
</script>
In the code above the items of a different class are assigned font sizes in physical units, as long as the browser/OS is configured correctly for the PPI of its screen.
A physical-unit font is always not too large and not too small, so long as the distance to the screen is usual (book-reading distance).
Solution 26:[26]
The text size can be set with a vw unit, which means the "viewport width". That way the text size will follow the size of the browser window:
https://www.w3schools.com/howto/tryit.asp?filename=tryhow_css_responsive_text
For my personal project I used vw and @meida. It works perfectly.
.mText {
font-size: 6vw;
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 1024px) {
.mText {
font-size: 10vw;
}
}
.sText {
font-size: 4vw;
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 1024px) {
.sText {
font-size: 7vw;
}
}
Solution 27:[27]
Use this equation:
calc(42px + (60 - 42) * (100vw - 768px) / (1440 - 768));
For anything larger or smaller than 1440 and 768, you can either give it a static value, or apply the same approach.
The drawback with vw solution is that you cannot set a scale ratio, say a 5vw at screen resolution 1440 may end up being 60px font-size, your idea font size, but when you shrink the window width down to 768, it may ended up being 12px, not the minimal you want.
With this approach, you can set your upper boundary and lower boundary, and the font will scale itself in between.
Solution 28:[28]
A lot of answers but I did not see anyone mentioning the min or max functions combined with media queries
There is a max() function in CSS, so our example above becomes a one-liner:
font-size: max(30vw, 30px);
Or double it up with a min and max:
font-size: min(max(16px, 4vw), 22px);
Which is identical to:
font-size: clamp(16px, 4vw, 22px);
Then don't forget to wrap this in a media query and apply to your h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 how you prefer.
@media (max-width: 600px) {
h1 {
font-size: clamp(16px, 4vw, 22px);
}
}
Solution 29:[29]
After many conclusions I ended up with this combination:
@media only screen and (max-width: 730px) {
h2 {
font-size: 4.3vw;
}
}
Solution 30:[30]
The font size changes depending on the screen size by using CSS You can see that this H1 tag is responsive. (correct me if I'm wrong)
@media only screen and (max-width: 1000px) {
h1 {
font-size:5em;
}
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 500px) {
h1 {
font-size: 3em;
}
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 300px) {
h1 {
font-size: 2em;
}
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 100px) {
h1 {
font-size: 1em;
}
}
<h1>Resize the browser!</h1>Sources
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