Sources for Geospatial environmental / terrain / topographic classification

Question

• EDIT:

(11/05/22) Coastal classifications would serve a purpose at this stage if there exists such classifications based on NE co-ordinates. If anyone might be able to help?**

Forgive the framing of my question, I'm not overly familiar with Geospatial information and so it's likely incorrect - I've done some research on how best to pose this but it's not obvious to me what the official definition is (or if it might actually exist - to a rookie, it feels like something that would)

I'm looking for global geospatial classification data based on environmental / terrain / topographic attributes i.e. coastal classification, tropical classification (I appreciate that's a lot simpler in that it's anything within the tropics), but I'm looking for a database that might have attributes like these pre-determined.

Background

I'm involved in engineering data analytics and looking to build on engineering theories about a particular issue being related to particular environmental factors. For example, corrosion related issues are more pertinent to sites classified as coastal, risk factors increase again when we talk about tropical environments, etc.

Note: I'm using R for this research