'How do I pass command line arguments to a Node.js program?

I have a web server written in Node.js and I would like to launch with a specific folder. I'm not sure how to access arguments in JavaScript. I'm running node like this:

$ node server.js folder

here server.js is my server code. Node.js help says this is possible:

$ node -h
Usage: node [options] script.js [arguments]

How would I access those arguments in JavaScript? Somehow I was not able to find this information on the web.

Solution 1:^[1]

Standard Method (no library)

The arguments are stored in process.argv

Here are the node docs on handling command line args:

process.argv is an array containing the command line arguments. The first element will be 'node', the second element will be the name of the JavaScript file. The next elements will be any additional command line arguments.

// print process.argv
process.argv.forEach(function (val, index, array) {
  console.log(index + ': ' + val);
});

This will generate:

$ node process-2.js one two=three four
0: node
1: /Users/mjr/work/node/process-2.js
2: one
3: two=three
4: four

Solution 2:^[2]

To normalize the arguments like a regular javascript function would receive, I do this in my node.js shell scripts:

var args = process.argv.slice(2);

Note that the first arg is usually the path to nodejs, and the second arg is the location of the script you're executing.

Solution 3:^[3]

The up-to-date right answer for this it to use the minimist library. We used to use node-optimist but it has since been deprecated.

Here is an example of how to use it taken straight from the minimist documentation:

var argv = require('minimist')(process.argv.slice(2));
console.dir(argv);

$ node example/parse.js -a beep -b boop
{ _: [], a: 'beep', b: 'boop' }

$ node example/parse.js -x 3 -y 4 -n5 -abc --beep=boop foo bar baz
{ _: [ 'foo', 'bar', 'baz' ],
  x: 3,
  y: 4,
  n: 5,
  a: true,
  b: true,
  c: true,
  beep: 'boop' }

Solution 4:^[4]

2018 answer based on current trends in the wild:

Vanilla javascript argument parsing:

const args = process.argv;
console.log(args);

This returns:

$ node server.js one two=three four
['node', '/home/server.js', 'one', 'two=three', 'four']

Official docs

Most used NPM packages for argument parsing:

Minimist: For minimal argument parsing.

Commander.js: Most adopted module for argument parsing.

Meow: Lighter alternative to Commander.js

Yargs: More sophisticated argument parsing (heavy).

Vorpal.js: Mature / interactive command-line applications with argument parsing.

Solution 5:^[5]

Optimist (node-optimist)

Check out optimist library, it is much better than parsing command line options by hand.

Update

Optimist is deprecated. Try yargs which is an active fork of optimist.

Solution 6:^[6]

Several great answers here, but it all seems very complex. This is very similar to how bash scripts access argument values and it's already provided standard with node.js as MooGoo pointed out. (Just to make it understandable to somebody that's new to node.js)

Example:

$ node yourscript.js banana monkey

var program_name = process.argv[0]; //value will be "node"
var script_path = process.argv[1]; //value will be "yourscript.js"
var first_value = process.argv[2]; //value will be "banana"
var second_value = process.argv[3]; //value will be "monkey"

Solution 7:^[7]

Commander.js

Works great for defining your options, actions, and arguments. It also generates the help pages for you.

Promptly

Works great for getting input from the user, if you like the callback approach.

Co-Prompt

Works great for getting input from the user, if you like the generator approach.

Solution 8:^[8]

No Libs with Flags Formatted into a Simple Object

function getArgs () {
    const args = {};
    process.argv
        .slice(2, process.argv.length)
        .forEach( arg => {
        // long arg
        if (arg.slice(0,2) === '--') {
            const longArg = arg.split('=');
            const longArgFlag = longArg[0].slice(2,longArg[0].length);
            const longArgValue = longArg.length > 1 ? longArg[1] : true;
            args[longArgFlag] = longArgValue;
        }
        // flags
        else if (arg[0] === '-') {
            const flags = arg.slice(1,arg.length).split('');
            flags.forEach(flag => {
            args[flag] = true;
            });
        }
    });
    return args;
}
const args = getArgs();
console.log(args);

Examples

Simple

input

node test.js -D --name=Hello

output

{ D: true, name: 'Hello' }

Real World

input

node config/build.js -lHRs --ip=$HOST --port=$PORT --env=dev

output

{ 
  l: true,
  H: true,
  R: true,
  s: true,
  ip: '127.0.0.1',
  port: '8080',
  env: 'dev'
}

Solution 9:^[9]

Stdio Library

The easiest way to parse command-line arguments in NodeJS is using the stdio module. Inspired by UNIX getopt utility, it is as trivial as follows:

var stdio = require('stdio');
var ops = stdio.getopt({
    'check': {key: 'c', args: 2, description: 'What this option means'},
    'map': {key: 'm', description: 'Another description'},
    'kaka': {args: 1, required: true},
    'ooo': {key: 'o'}
});

If you run the previous code with this command:

node <your_script.js> -c 23 45 --map -k 23 file1 file2

Then ops object will be as follows:

{ check: [ '23', '45' ],
  args: [ 'file1', 'file2' ],
  map: true,
  kaka: '23' }

So you can use it as you want. For instance:

if (ops.kaka && ops.check) {
    console.log(ops.kaka + ops.check[0]);
}

Grouped options are also supported, so you can write -om instead of -o -m.

Furthermore, stdio can generate a help/usage output automatically. If you call ops.printHelp() you'll get the following:

USAGE: node something.js [--check <ARG1> <ARG2>] [--kaka] [--ooo] [--map]
  -c, --check <ARG1> <ARG2>   What this option means (mandatory)
  -k, --kaka                  (mandatory)
  --map                       Another description
  -o, --ooo

The previous message is shown also if a mandatory option is not given (preceded by the error message) or if it is mispecified (for instance, if you specify a single arg for an option and it needs 2).

You can install stdio module using NPM:

npm install stdio

Solution 10:^[10]

If your script is called myScript.js and you want to pass the first and last name, 'Sean Worthington', as arguments like below:

node myScript.js Sean Worthington

Then within your script you write:

var firstName = process.argv[2]; // Will be set to 'Sean'
var lastName = process.argv[3]; // Will be set to 'Worthington'

Solution 11:^[11]

command-line-args is worth a look!

You can set options using the main notation standards (learn more). These commands are all equivalent, setting the same values:

$ example --verbose --timeout=1000 --src one.js --src two.js
$ example --verbose --timeout 1000 --src one.js two.js
$ example -vt 1000 --src one.js two.js
$ example -vt 1000 one.js two.js

To access the values, first create a list of option definitions describing the options your application accepts. The type property is a setter function (the value supplied is passed through this), giving you full control over the value received.

const optionDefinitions = [
  { name: 'verbose', alias: 'v', type: Boolean },
  { name: 'src', type: String, multiple: true, defaultOption: true },
  { name: 'timeout', alias: 't', type: Number }
]

Next, parse the options using commandLineArgs():

const commandLineArgs = require('command-line-args')
const options = commandLineArgs(optionDefinitions)

options now looks like this:

{
  src: [
    'one.js',
    'two.js'
  ],
  verbose: true,
  timeout: 1000
}

Advanced usage

Beside the above typical usage, you can configure command-line-args to accept more advanced syntax forms.

Command-based syntax (git style) in the form:

$ executable <command> [options]

For example.

$ git commit --squash -m "This is my commit message"

Command and sub-command syntax (docker style) in the form:

$ executable <command> [options] <sub-command> [options]

For example.

$ docker run --detached --image centos bash -c yum install -y httpd

Usage guide generation

A usage guide (typically printed when --help is set) can be generated using command-line-usage. See the examples below and read the documentation for instructions how to create them.

A typical usage guide example.

usage

The polymer-cli usage guide is a good real-life example.

usage

Solution 12:^[12]

Here's my 0-dep solution for named arguments:

const args = process.argv
    .slice(2)
    .map(arg => arg.split('='))
    .reduce((args, [value, key]) => {
        args[value] = key;
        return args;
    }, {});

console.log(args.foo)
console.log(args.fizz)

Example:

$ node test.js foo=bar fizz=buzz
bar
buzz

Note: Naturally this will fail when the argument contains a =. This is only for very simple usage.

Solution 13:^[13]

Simple + ES6 + no-dependency + supports boolean flags

const process = require( 'process' );

const argv = key => {
  // Return true if the key exists and a value is defined
  if ( process.argv.includes( `--${ key }` ) ) return true;

  const value = process.argv.find( element => element.startsWith( `--${ key }=` ) );

  // Return null if the key does not exist and a value is not defined
  if ( !value ) return null;
  
  return value.replace( `--${ key }=` , '' );
}

Output:

If invoked with node app.js then argv('foo') will return null
If invoked with node app.js --foo then argv('foo') will return true
If invoked with node app.js --foo= then argv('foo') will return ''
If invoked with node app.js --foo=bar then argv('foo') will return 'bar'

Solution 14:^[14]

There's an app for that. Well, module. Well, more than one, probably hundreds.

Yargs is one of the fun ones, its docs are cool to read.

Here's an example from the github/npm page:

#!/usr/bin/env node
var argv = require('yargs').argv;
console.log('(%d,%d)', argv.x, argv.y);
console.log(argv._);

Output is here (it reads options with dashes etc, short and long, numeric etc).

$ ./nonopt.js -x 6.82 -y 3.35 rum
(6.82,3.35)
[ 'rum' ] 
$ ./nonopt.js "me hearties" -x 0.54 yo -y 1.12 ho
(0.54,1.12)
[ 'me hearties', 'yo', 'ho' ]

Solution 15:^[15]

proj.js

for(var i=0;i<process.argv.length;i++){
  console.log(process.argv[i]);
}

Terminal:

nodemon app.js "arg1" "arg2" "arg3"

Result:

0 'C:\\Program Files\\nodejs\\node.exe'
1 'C:\\Users\\Nouman\\Desktop\\Node\\camer nodejs\\proj.js'
2 'arg1' your first argument you passed.
3 'arg2' your second argument you passed.
4 'arg3' your third argument you passed.

Explaination:

The directory of node.exe in your machine (C:\Program Files\nodejs\node.exe)
The directory of your project file (proj.js)
Your first argument to node (arg1)
Your second argument to node (arg2)
Your third argument to node (arg3)

your actual arguments start form second index of argv array, that is process.argv[2].

Solution 16:^[16]

Parsing argument based on standard input ( --key=value )

const argv = (() => {
    const arguments = {};
    process.argv.slice(2).map( (element) => {
        const matches = element.match( '--([a-zA-Z0-9]+)=(.*)');
        if ( matches ){
            arguments[matches[1]] = matches[2]
                .replace(/^['"]/, '').replace(/['"]$/, '');
        }
    });
    return arguments;
})();

Command example

node app.js --name=stackoverflow --id=10 another-argument --text="Hello World"

Result of argv: console.log(argv)

{
    name: "stackoverflow",
    id: "10",
    text: "Hello World"
}

Solution 17:^[17]

whithout librairies: using Array.prototype.reduce()

const args = process.argv.slice(2).reduce((acc, arg) => {

    let [k, v = true] = arg.split('=')
    acc[k] = v
    return acc

}, {})

for this command node index.js count=2 print debug=false msg=hi

console.log(args) // { count: '2', print: true, debug: 'false', msg: 'hi' }

also,

we can change

    let [k, v = true] = arg.split('=')
    acc[k] = v

by (much longer)

    let [k, v] = arg.split('=')
    acc[k] = v === undefined ? true : /true|false/.test(v) ? v === 'true' : /[\d|\.]+/.test(v) ? Number(v) : v

to auto parse Boolean & Number

console.log(args) // { count: 2, print: true, debug: false, msg: 'hi' }

Solution 18:^[18]

Passing,parsing arguments is an easy process. Node provides you with the process.argv property, which is an array of strings, which are the arguments that were used when Node was invoked. The first entry of the array is the Node executable, and the second entry is the name of your script.

If you run script with below atguments

$ node args.js arg1 arg2

File : args.js

console.log(process.argv)

You will get array like

 ['node','args.js','arg1','arg2']

Solution 19:^[19]

npm install ps-grab

If you want to run something like this :

node greeting.js --user Abdennour --website http://abdennoor.com

var grab=require('ps-grab');
grab('--username') // return 'Abdennour'
grab('--action') // return 'http://abdennoor.com'

Or something like :

node vbox.js -OS redhat -VM template-12332 ;

var grab=require('ps-grab');
grab('-OS') // return 'redhat'
grab('-VM') // return 'template-12332'

Solution 20:^[20]

You can reach command line arguments using system.args. And i use the solution below to parse arguments into an object, so i can get which one i want by name.

var system = require('system');

var args = {};
system.args.map(function(x){return x.split("=")})
    .map(function(y){args[y[0]]=y[1]});

now you don't need to know the index of the argument. use it like args.whatever

Note: you should use named arguments like file.js x=1 y=2 to use this solution.

Solution 21:^[21]

You can parse all arguments and check if they exist.

file: parse-cli-arguments.js:

module.exports = function(requiredArguments){
    var arguments = {};

    for (var index = 0; index < process.argv.length; index++) {
        var re = new RegExp('--([A-Za-z0-9_]+)=([A/-Za-z0-9_]+)'),
            matches = re.exec(process.argv[index]);

        if(matches !== null) {
            arguments[matches[1]] = matches[2];
        }
    }

    for (var index = 0; index < requiredArguments.length; index++) {
        if (arguments[requiredArguments[index]] === undefined) {
            throw(requiredArguments[index] + ' not defined. Please add the argument with --' + requiredArguments[index]);
        }
    }

    return arguments;
}

Than just do:

var arguments = require('./parse-cli-arguments')(['foo', 'bar', 'xpto']);

Solution 22:^[22]

Passing arguments is easy, and receiving them is just a matter of reading the process.argv array Node makes accessible from everywhere, basically. But you're sure to want to read them as key/value pairs, so you'll need a piece to script to interpret it.

Joseph Merdrignac posted a beautiful one using reduce, but it relied on a key=value syntax instead of -k value and --key value. I rewrote it much uglier and longer to use that second standard, and I'll post it as an answer because it wouldn't fit as a commentary. But it does get the job done.

   const args = process.argv.slice(2).reduce((acc,arg,cur,arr)=>{
     if(arg.match(/^--/)){
       acc[arg.substring(2)] = true
       acc['_lastkey'] = arg.substring(2)
     } else
     if(arg.match(/^-[^-]/)){
       for(key of arg.substring(1).split('')){
         acc[key] = true
         acc['_lastkey'] = key
       }
     } else
       if(acc['_lastkey']){
         acc[acc['_lastkey']] = arg
         delete acc['_lastkey']
       } else
         acc[arg] = true
     if(cur==arr.length-1)
       delete acc['_lastkey']
     return acc
   },{})

With this code a command node script.js alpha beta -charlie delta --echo foxtrot would give you the following object


args = {
 "alpha":true,
 "beta":true,
 "c":true,
 "h":true,
 "a":true,
 "r":true
 "l":true,
 "i":true,
 "e":"delta",
 "echo":"foxtrot"
}

Solution 23:^[23]

Although Above answers are perfect, and someone has already suggested yargs, using the package is really easy. This is a nice package which makes passing arguments to command line really easy.

npm i yargs
const yargs = require("yargs");
const argv = yargs.argv;
console.log(argv);

Please visit https://yargs.js.org/ for more info.

Solution 24:^[24]

TypeScript solution with no libraries:

interface IParams {
  [key: string]: string
}

function parseCliParams(): IParams {
  const args: IParams = {};
  const rawArgs = process.argv.slice(2, process.argv.length);
  rawArgs.forEach((arg: string, index) => {
    // Long arguments with '--' flags:
    if (arg.slice(0, 2).includes('--')) {
      const longArgKey = arg.slice(2, arg.length);
      const longArgValue = rawArgs[index + 1]; // Next value, e.g.: --connection connection_name
      args[longArgKey] = longArgValue;
    }
    // Shot arguments with '-' flags:
    else if (arg.slice(0, 1).includes('-')) {
      const longArgKey = arg.slice(1, arg.length);
      const longArgValue = rawArgs[index + 1]; // Next value, e.g.: -c connection_name
      args[longArgKey] = longArgValue;
    }
  });
  return args;
}

const params = parseCliParams();
console.log('params: ', params);

Input: ts-node index.js -p param --parameter parameter

Output: { p: 'param ', parameter: 'parameter' }

Solution 25:^[25]

Without libraries

If you want to do this in vanilla JS/ES6 you can use the following solution

worked only in NodeJS > 6

const args = process.argv
  .slice(2)
  .map((val, i)=>{
    let object = {};
    let [regexForProp, regexForVal] = (() => [new RegExp('^(.+?)='), new RegExp('\=(.*)')] )();
    let [prop, value] = (() => [regexForProp.exec(val), regexForVal.exec(val)] )();
    if(!prop){
      object[val] = true;
      return object;
    } else {
      object[prop[1]] = value[1] ;
      return object
    }
  })
  .reduce((obj, item) => {
    let prop = Object.keys(item)[0];
    obj[prop] = item[prop];
    return obj;
  }, {});

And this command

node index.js host=http://google.com port=8080 production

will produce the following result

console.log(args);//{ host:'http://google.com',port:'8080',production:true }
console.log(args.host);//http://google.com
console.log(args.port);//8080
console.log(args.production);//true

p.s. Please correct the code in map and reduce function if you find more elegant solution, thanks ;)

Solution 26:^[26]

The simplest way of retrieving arguments in Node.js is via the process.argv array. This is a global object that you can use without importing any additional libraries to use it. You simply need to pass arguments to a Node.js application, just like we showed earlier, and these arguments can be accessed within the application via the process.argv array.

The first element of the process.argv array will always be a file system path pointing to the node executable. The second element is the name of the JavaScript file that is being executed. And the third element is the first argument that was actually passed by the user.

'use strict';

for (let j = 0; j < process.argv.length; j++) {  
    console.log(j + ' -> ' + (process.argv[j]));
}

All this script does is loop through the process.argv array and prints the indexes, along with the elements stored in those indexes. It's very useful for debugging if you ever question what arguments you're receiving, and in what order.

You can also use libraries like yargs for working with commnadline arguments.

Solution 27:^[27]

process.argv is your friend, capturing command line args is natively supported in Node JS. See example below::

process.argv.forEach((val, index) => {
  console.log(`${index}: ${val}`);
})

Solution 28:^[28]

ES6-style no-dependencies solution:

const longArgs = arg => {
    const [ key, value ] = arg.split('=');
    return { [key.slice(2)]: value || true }
};

const flags = arg => [...arg.slice(1)].reduce((flagObj, f) => ({ ...flagObj, [f]: true }), {});


const args = () =>
    process.argv
        .slice(2)
        .reduce((args, arg) => ({
            ...args,
            ...((arg.startsWith('--') && longArgs(arg)) || (arg[0] === '-' && flags(arg)))
        }), {});

console.log(args());

Solution 29:^[29]

You can get command-line information from process.argv()

And I don't want to limit the problem to node.js. Instead, I want to turn it into how to parse the string as the argument.

console.log(ArgumentParser(`--debug --msg="Hello World" --title="Test" --desc=demo -open --level=5 --MyFloat=3.14`))

output

{
  "debug": true,
  "msg": "Hello World",
  "title": "Test",
  "desc": "demo",
  "open": true,
  "level": 5,
  "MyFloat": 3.14
}

code

Pure javascript, no dependencies needed

// ? Below is Test
(() => {
  window.onload = () => {
    const testArray = [
      `--debug --msg="Hello World" --title="Test" --desc=demo -open --level=5 --MyFloat=3.14`,
    ]
    for (const testData of testArray) {
      try {
        const obj = ArgumentParser(testData)
        console.log(obj)
      } catch (e) {
        console.error(e.message)
      }
    }
  }
})()

// ? Script
class ParserError extends Error {

}

function Cursor(str, pos) {
  this.str = str
  this.pos = pos
  this.MoveRight = (step = 1) => {
    this.pos += step
  }

  this.MoveToNextPara = () => {
    const curStr = this.str.substring(this.pos)
    const match = /^(?<all> *--?(?<name>[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*)(=(?<value>[^-]*))?)/g.exec(curStr) // https://regex101.com/r/k004Gv/2
    if (match) {
      let {groups: {all, name, value}} = match

      if (value !== undefined) {
        value = value.trim()
        if (value.slice(0, 1) === '"') { // string
          if (value.slice(-1) !== '"') {
            throw new ParserError(`Parsing error: '"' expected`)
          }
          value = value.slice(1, -1)
        } else { // number or string (without '"')
          value = isNaN(Number(value)) ? String(value) : Number(value)
        }
      }

      this.MoveRight(all.length)
      return [name, value ?? true] // If the value is undefined, then set it as ture.
    }
    throw new ParserError(`illegal format detected. ${curStr}`)
  }
}

function ArgumentParser(str) {
  const obj = {}
  const cursor = new Cursor(str, 0)
  while (1) {
    const [name, value] = cursor.MoveToNextPara()
    obj[name] = value
    if (cursor.pos === str.length) {
      return obj
    }
  }
}

Solution 30:^[30]

I extended the getArgs function just to get also commands, as well as flags (-f, --anotherflag) and named args (--data=blablabla):

The module

/**
 * @module getArgs.js
 * get command line arguments (commands, named arguments, flags)
 *
 * @see https://stackoverflow.com/a/54098693/1786393
 *
 * @return {Object}
 *
 */
function getArgs () {
  const commands = []
  const args = {}
  process.argv
    .slice(2, process.argv.length)
    .forEach( arg => {
      // long arg
      if (arg.slice(0,2) === '--') {
        const longArg = arg.split('=')
        const longArgFlag = longArg[0].slice(2,longArg[0].length)
        const longArgValue = longArg.length > 1 ? longArg[1] : true
        args[longArgFlag] = longArgValue
     }
     // flags
      else if (arg[0] === '-') {
        const flags = arg.slice(1,arg.length).split('')
        flags.forEach(flag => {
          args[flag] = true
        })
      }
     else {
      // commands
      commands.push(arg)
     } 
    })
  return { args, commands }
}


// test
if (require.main === module) {
  // node getArgs test --dir=examples/getUserName --start=getUserName.askName
  console.log( getArgs() )
}

module.exports = { getArgs }

Usage example:

$ node lib/getArgs test --dir=examples/getUserName --start=getUserName.askName
{
  args: { dir: 'examples/getUserName', start: 'getUserName.askName' },
  commands: [ 'test' ]
}

$ node lib/getArgs --dir=examples/getUserName --start=getUserName.askName test tutorial
{
  args: { dir: 'examples/getUserName', start: 'getUserName.askName' },
  commands: [ 'test', 'tutorial' ]
}

Sources

This article follows the attribution requirements of Stack Overflow and is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

Source: Stack Overflow

Solution	Source
Solution 1	user5532169
Solution 2	bjb568
Solution 3	real_ate
Solution 4
Solution 5	Sanghyun Lee
Solution 6	Paul van Jaarsveld
Solution 7
Solution 8	Community
Solution 9
Solution 10	riper
Solution 11
Solution 12	Stan James
Solution 13	Andrew Odri
Solution 14	Kevin Burke
Solution 15
Solution 16
Solution 17
Solution 18	Piyush Sagar
Solution 19
Solution 20	Evren Kutar
Solution 21
Solution 22	isacvale
Solution 23
Solution 24	rmolinamir
Solution 25
Solution 26	Rubin bhandari
Solution 27	Suraj Rao
Solution 28	shreyasm-dev
Solution 29	Carson
Solution 30	shreyasm-dev

'How do I pass command line arguments to a Node.js program?

Solution 1:[1]

Standard Method (no library)

Solution 2:[2]

Solution 3:[3]

Solution 4:[4]

2018 answer based on current trends in the wild:

Vanilla javascript argument parsing:

Most used NPM packages for argument parsing:

Solution 5:[5]

Optimist (node-optimist)

Solution 6:[6]

Solution 7:[7]

Commander.js

Promptly

Co-Prompt

Solution 8:[8]

No Libs with Flags Formatted into a Simple Object

Examples

Simple

Real World

Solution 9:[9]

Stdio Library

Solution 10:[10]

Solution 11:[11]

Advanced usage

Usage guide generation

Further Reading

Solution 12:[12]

Solution 13:[13]

Simple + ES6 + no-dependency + supports boolean flags

Solution 14:[14]

Solution 15:[15]

Solution 16:[16]

Solution 17:[17]

whithout librairies: using Array.prototype.reduce()

also,

Solution 18:[18]

Solution 19:[19]

If you want to run something like this :

Solution 20:[20]

Solution 21:[21]

Solution 22:[22]

Solution 23:[23]

Solution 24:[24]

Solution 25:[25]

Without libraries

Solution 26:[26]

Solution 27:[27]

Solution 28:[28]

Solution 29:[29]

code

Solution 30:[30]

Sources

Related Questions

Solution 1:^[1]

Solution 2:^[2]

Solution 3:^[3]

Solution 4:^[4]

Solution 5:^[5]

Solution 6:^[6]

Solution 7:^[7]

Solution 8:^[8]

Solution 9:^[9]

Solution 10:^[10]

Solution 11:^[11]

Solution 12:^[12]

Solution 13:^[13]

Solution 14:^[14]

Solution 15:^[15]

Solution 16:^[16]

Solution 17:^[17]

Solution 18:^[18]

Solution 19:^[19]

Solution 20:^[20]

Solution 21:^[21]

Solution 22:^[22]

Solution 23:^[23]

Solution 24:^[24]

Solution 25:^[25]

Solution 26:^[26]

Solution 27:^[27]

Solution 28:^[28]

Solution 29:^[29]

Solution 30:^[30]